What did enlightenment thinker Cesare beccaria argue about crime and punishment? (Please help)

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian politician and philosopher, greatly influenced criminal law reform in Western Europe. He argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity.

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the story goes that because of this belief, constantine was able to defeat his foes. constantine became an ardent1 christian. christianity and other religions were tolerated under constantine's rule. constantine also was responsible for the building of a great cathedral in rome.

the federalist party which advocated strong centralization dominated the united states government till 1800. so 1800 election transformed the power from one party to another party for the first time and was thus a turning point in american history. so jefferson called it "revolution of 1800".

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