The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution were undermined by all of the following except a) jim crow laws. b) literacy tests. c) plessy v. ferguson. d) brown v. board of education.

D)Brown v. Board of Education.

Explanation:

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson. Segregation of white and black children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, denies to black children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

incident infrared radiation is blocked. visible and ultraviolet radiation heat   earth.

earth radiates infrared radiation. infrared radiation is blocked and heats earth. visible and shortwave radiation heat earth.

earth radiates longwave radiation

longwave radiation is reflected downward longwave radiation heats earth

the national congress's powers over the states were specific and definite: it had the sole power to negotiate treaties, declare war, and make peace. all powers not granted to congress were reserved for state governments. congress had no power to levy taxes, for example.