The Supreme Court ruled that under the Constitution, African Americans are not citizens.

a phrase from a poem by ralph waldo emerson about the battle of lexington and concord. emerson's words read, “here once the embattled farmers stood / and fired the shot heard round the world.”

booker t. washington was an educator who established the tuskegee institute. washington argued that african americans should learn trades that would offer them the opportunity to be progressive citizens. instead of fighting against discrimination, washington argued that african americans should use their education and knowledge to become self-sufficient in american society and not in competition with white americans.

w.e.b du bois was the founder of the niagara movement and later the naacp, du bois disagreed with washington. he argued that african americans should consistently fight for racial equality.

ida b. wells was a journalist who wrote about the horrors of lynching in the south. wells work could be considered muckraking as it led to the development of the anti-lynching campaign.

image result for what are some causes and effects of pontiac's rebellion?

the colonists were also expected to pay a tax to meet the costs of establishing and manning the borders of the proclamation line which led to the belief that the king had sided with the indians despite pontiac's rebellion, against the interests of the settlers. this contributed to the causes of the american revolution.