They were aggressive men, as were the first feudal barons; sometimes they were lawless; in important crises, nearly all of them tended to act without those established moral principles which fixed more or less the conduct of the common people of the community These men were robber barons as were their medieval counterparts, the dominating figures of an aggressive economic age Under their hands, the renovation of our economic life proceeded relentlessly; large-scale production replaced the scattered, decentralized mode of production; industrial enterprises became more concentrated, more ‘efficient’ technically, and essentially ‘cooperative,’ where they had been purely individualistic and lamentably wasteful.” Matthew Josephson, historian, 1934
“What really lifted the giants above the rest was the ability to envision where the world, or their part of it, was going, and to act on that vision in a creative way From the days of Adam Smith, self-interest has been the acknowledged driving force of capitalism; the secret of the market system is that one person’s self-interest can simultaneously serve the interests of others. Buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, investors and entrepreneurs take reciprocal advantage of each other. Success rewards those who can discover or create areas of reciprocity; the larger the area, the greater the success. . . . They were captains of industry; but like officers of volunteer regiments, they held their posts at the sufferance of those they led.”
H. W. Brands, historian, 1999

Using the excerpts, answer (a), (b), and (c).

a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between Josephson’s and Brands’s historical interpretations of business leaders who rose to prominence between 1865 and 1900.

b) Briefly explain how ONE person, event, or development from the period 1865–1900 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Josephson’s interpretation.

c) Briefly explain how ONE person, event, or development from the period 1865–1900 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Brands’s interpretation.

In the decision for dred scott vs. sanford, (1857) in which a slave petitioned for his freedom in a st. louis court, on the grounds that his owner had taken him into free territory, and thus he ought no longer be regarded as possessing "slave" status, but should be regarded as a free man, the court decided as follows (excerpt): "in the circuit courts of the united states, the record must show that the case is one in which by the constitution and laws of the united states, the court had jurisdiction--and if this does not appear, and the court gives judgment either for plaintiff or defendant, it is error, and the judgment must be reversed by this court--and the parties cannot by consent waive the objection to the jurisdiction of the circuit court. a free negro of the african race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a 'citizen' within the meaning of the constitution of the united states. when the constitution was adopted, they were not regarded in any of the states as members of the community which constituted the state, and were not numbered among its 'people or citizen.' consequently, the special rights and immunities guarantied to citizens do not apply to them. and not being "citizens" within the meaning of the constitution, they are not entitled to sue in that character in a court of the united states, and the circuit court has not jurisdiction in such a suit. the only two clauses in the constitution which point to this race, treat them as persons whom it was morally lawful to deal in as articles of property and to hold as slaves. since the adoption of the constitution of the united states, no state can by any subsequent law make a foreigner or any other description of persons citizens of the united states, nor entitle them to the rights and privileges secured to citizens by that instrument." why does the court say that the petitioning party in this case had no right to sue for his freedom? a) because he is too young b) because he is from a different state c) because he is "of the african race" with enslaved ancestors d) because he is, properly speaking, within his owner's jurisdiction

The military dictatorship inviolently reacted to the opposition of the maya, who demanded greater rights for their native population. the genocide inresulted from a struggle between arab nomadic tribes and non-arab agricultural groups. the tutsi were the victims of genocide inat the hands of the hutu rulers.

Explain why the greeks might not have had a great influence on the world if they had better farmland?