Map of New York 1842. A scale is shown stating that one inch equals 1000 feet. The Island is approximately 10 inches across. Manhattan is in the middle of the map and we can see the city is surrounded almost entirely by water. The Hudson River on the left and the Eastern River on bottom and the right. Brooklyn is visible, across the east river. © University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin This is a map of New York from 1842. The map shows a scale stating that one inch equals 1000 feet and the island is approximately 10 inches across. Manhattan is in the middle of the map and is surrounded almost entirely by water. The Hudson River is on the left and the Eastern River is along the bottom and on the right. Brooklyn is visible, across the East River. A legend is shown on the right side of the map, listing churches, banks, public buildings, and museums. The more populated areas are near the shore. This map supports the idea that urbanization is not a process that humans have any means to control led to more Americans who preferred city living in the 1800s did not begin in the United States until after the end of the 1800s was more likely to occur near water for transport and energy needs

take five to 10 minutes to warm up and cool down properly.

plan to start slowly and boost your activity level gradually unless you are already exercising frequently and vigorously.

be aware that training too hard or too often can cause overuse injuries like stress fractures, stiff or sore joints and muscles, and inflamed tendons and ligaments. sports prompting repetitive wear and tear on certain parts of your body — such as swimming (shoulders), jogging (knees, ankles, and feet), tennis (elbows) — are often overuse culprits, too. a mix of different kinds of activities and sufficient rest is safer.

listen to your body. hold off on exercise when you're sick or feeling very fatigued. cut back if you cannot finish an exercise session, feel faint after exercise or fatigued during the day, or suffer persistent aches and pains in joints after exercising.

if you stop exercising for a while, drop back to a lower level of exercise initially. if you're doing strength training, for example, lift lighter weights or do fewer reps or sets.

for most people, simply drinking plenty of water is sufficient. but if you're working out especially hard or doing a marathon or triathlon, choose drinks that replace fluids plus essential electrolytes.

choose clothes and shoes designed for your type of exercise. replace shoes every six months as cushioning wears out.

for strength training, good form is essential. initially use no weight, or very light weights, when learning the exercises. never sacrifice good form by hurrying to finish reps or sets, or struggling to lift heavier weights.

exercising vigorously in hot, humid conditions can lead to serious overheating and dehydration. slow your pace when the temperature rises above 70°f. on days when the thermometer is expected to reach 80°f, exercise during cooler morning or evening hours or at an air-conditioned gym. watch for signs of overheating, such as headache, dizziness, nausea, faintness, cramps, or palpitations.

dress properly for cold-weather workouts to avoid hypothermia. depending on the temperature, wear layers you can peel off as you warm up. don't forget gloves.

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