In view of the decline and the fragmentation of the Islamic Caliphate, has political control over large expanses of territory always been beneficial to imperial powers?

Which option best describes how the printing press transformed european society? (a) prior to the printing press, the catholic church hand-copied texts and disseminated them to peasants. (b) prior to the printing press, the church of england did not allow peasants to learn to read. (c) prior to the printing press, the orthodox church recited luther’s “95 theses” aloud to peasants. (d) prior to the printing press, knowledge was reserved primarily for nobles and clergy.