of the Missouri River is where the expedition encountered an obstacle that had them portage around and carry all of their supplies including boats.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

answer; the period of time known as the middle ages;