many historians view the war of 1812 as the "second american war for independence," but is this an accurate characterization? in what way did british policies prior to 1812 threaten americans' independence? had the united states not fought the war, what might the results have been? assess these questions, and determine if the united states was indeed fighting for "independence."

a. the astrolabe could determine the correct latitudinal location of the ship

the results of roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. julius caesar gained power and became a dictator but was then assassinated. the reign of augustus began a long period of imperial rule and peace in the roman empire. rome faced the problems of how to maintain peace, law, and order.

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