Working conditions in factories were often horrendous. What, then, drew people into cities to work in these industrial factories?

Money.

Explanation: So many people were immigrating to the Americas with little to nothing and lots were turned away if they didn't look healthy and their entire families would follow. But soo many people were granted access and had no money or jobs, then they would work at factories where they were expendable because they could always get their salary deducted or be replaced with a new immigrant looking for a way to feed their family

the answer is aristophanes comedies.

during the middle ages bibles and most christian literature was written in latin i think that’s the answer you are looking for