Which of these represents a cause of Pan-Africanism following World War 1?

Which of the following could be described as a conservative reaction against the ideas of the jazz age

According to article 1, why did massachusetts raise their taxes on citizens, and what about the currency of the time made it difficult for citizens to pay these taxes

The middle east had been subjected to attacks from outside the middle east in ancient, medieval, and modern times. which of the following invasions by outside forces came last in the period of written middle east history before 1300 a. d.?