"I don't know how old I am. ... I began to work when I was about 9. I first worked for a man who used to hit me with a belt I used to sleep in the pits that had no more coal in them;
used to eat whatever I could get; I ate for a long time the candles that I found in the pits"
- E. Royston Pike, 1896, adapted from Hard Times, Human Documents of the Ind Rev
What was one thing that happened in response to the conditions described in this passage?
1. Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto
2. Garibaldi organized the Red Shirts
3. Charles Darwin developed The Origin of the Species
4. Atatürk joined the Young Turks