How did the intellectual movement of the Renaissance promote secularism? -by adopting Islamic ideas and technologies -by demanding reforms of Church structure and practices
-by encouraging the study of nonreligious subjects
-by translating biblical scriptures into everyday languages

Renaissance humanism promoted secularism by pushing the study of philosophy, literature, and science. Renaissance humanism is characterized by the return to favor of the pagan classics, the stimulation of secularism, the appreciation of the pleasures of life, and individual expression and independence.

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.