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Explanation:Gorbachev's decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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(d) rivers.

explanation:

civilizations developed around rivers because their waters provided places to hunt and fish. also, as the rivers flooded, the lands around them became fertile. this allowed them to support farming. this is especially true of the nile river, which flooded the same time each year.