During the time of the mongol invasions, russia a) was divided into a number of small independent kingdoms centered on trading cities b) was a united empire under the kings of Kiev c) was part of the Byzantine empire d) was launching a series of successful assaults on the Islamic territories of the Abbasid empire

Definitely not B or D, I believe it is A.I have just learned this so yeah. Not really a good answer but all I have to answer. ;3

Explanation:

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.