How did Napoleon influence the revolution in brazil?

The Napoleonic Wars and Brazilian Independence

By Dale Pappas

By 1807, many of Europe’s monarchs had waged war on Revolutionary, and later Napoleonic France. Several ancient and prominent royal families, including the Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns, had experienced the humiliation of defeat that resulted from these conflicts against skilled French forces. Often times, Napoleon himself, at the head of his victorious armies, entered Europe’s capitals and sat on the very thrones occupied for centuries by those royal families. However, one capital that Napoleon had not taken was London, although it had long been an aim of the French emperor’s to decisively defeat France’s traditional foe. Britain and France had waged war on one another frequently, vying for valuable colonial possessions in order to establish powerful empires. The Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Seven Years’ War in 1763, gave Britain much of France’s overseas territory. In the years that followed, France anxiously awaited an opportunity to weaken the British Empire, and experienced moderate success in the American War of Independence. The major chance to deliver a blow to British prestige came with the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, which largely became a struggle between Britain and France for superiority. Eager to defeat the British, Napoleon explored several bold invasion attempts. The invasion schemes though were thwarted while still in development, which led Napoleon to wage economic war on his principle rival by implementing the Continental System.

The Continental System aimed to block British goods from entering other European ports, which would strengthen France’s control of the continent. Napoleon’s continental blockade was extended following his victories in 1806 and 1807, leaving only Sweden and Portugal out of his reach.[1] Napoleon planned to cut Britain off from its loyal ally, Portugal, by ordering the ruling Braganza family to accept the Continental System, or be deposed. He decided to invade Portugal along with his ally Spain, led by the ambitious prime minister, Manuel de Godoy. Napoleon agreed to partition Portugal between himself, Godoy, and the King of Etruria (Tuscany).[2] An ultimatum was sent to the Portuguese ordering the closure of all ports to British goods by 1 September 1807 or else Lisbon would be seized and the Braganzas deposed. With little hope of defeating a French invasion, Portuguese ministers, including Antonio de Araújo, considered the relocation of the monarchy to the colony of Brazil the best possible option. The Prince Regent, the future Dom João VI of Portugal consented, and the royal family and nearly 10000 others boarded ships for their mysterious possession, Brazil. The decision to transfer the monarchy crushed the remnants of one of Europe’s oldest empires, but gave birth to a new power across the Atlantic.

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whose power in the senate is equal to the power of the speaker of the house?

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one of the strengths of the united nations is their worldwide peacekeeping. they prevent conflict from escalating into war, try to reach agreements between the opposing sides, and bring war to an end as soon as possible. they also have a world food programme which is among the most effective food aid programmes worldwide. the united nations provides food and clean water to people in need, they also send money to strengthen the country's economy. the united nations also provides unaids, which is healthcare to hiv patients. they also raise funds to prevents aids/hivs and the spreads of others diseases. they also have campaigns that show how to protect from certain diseases. the united nations also has the unhcr, the united nations high commissioner for refugees, which is an aid to refugees. it them by raising funds to build up refugee camps or to improve housing and sanitary facilities. it also has many programmes to raise awareness about the refugee crisis and the needs of the refugees. the united nations high commissioner for refugees also builds schools in crisi regions and refugee camps. a major strength of the united nations is its efforts in elucidating the crisis from which it emerged. as such many of the issues which the world was confronted with in 1945 have been addressed. this can be seen with the organization’s mediatory efforts in resolving conflict in territories. intrinsically, particular reference can be observed in the cold war era 1947-1953 where the world was in a state of political and military tension between the powers of the western world led by the united states and the communist world led by the soviet union. as the world was divided east and west, capitalist and communist, us and ussr, the united nations had its first opportunities to establish its role as a mediator in the international system. moreover, the united nations was involved in the establishment of an israeli state on the eastern mediterranean coast. violence erupted between israeli forces and palestinians and their arab allies in response to the foundation of the state of israel. there has also been the promotion of democracy where the united nations has enabled people in many countries to participate in free and fair elections including those held in cambodia, namibia, el salvador and south africa. additionally, there has been the promotion of women’s rights, particularly in middle eastern countries, to have greater control over their lives. the united nations fund for women (unifem) have supported projects in improving the quality of life for women in over 100 countries including marketing opportunities, access to food production and so on.

however, despite these strengths there exist deep seated shortcomings of the organization in the contemporary world. notable of these is the fact that the world today is a different world than the epoch in which the united nations was born. at that time the issues facing the organization was the achievement of peace and security in a world of great powers, the insistence of the united states that the european powers should grant independence and self-government to their colonies and so on. nonetheless, some of these remain but many have changed. the world and its political atmosphere have undergone a massive transformation however the structures of the united nations have remain unchanged. these structures have failed to keep pace with the new demands which must be presently addressed. consequently, given these circumstances the united nations now faces increasing demand for change both in its institutions and in the subject matters of its concern. lastly, another weakness involves that of corruption and mismanagement. there have been reports of a cascade of scandals at the hands of the united nations. most notable of these is the wholesale corruption of the oil-for-food relief program in iraq, disappearance of united nations funds and the exposure of a transnational network of sexual misconduct by united nations peacekeepers in africa. to add, there have been political pressure, favoritism and cronyism plaguing appointments to united nations peace operations. as such it can be examined there exist a culture of impunity where the united nations operates with secrecy and is shielded by diplomatic immunity. consequently, it is no doubt that this result in institutional weakness and a staff that is less than ideally equipped to complete the required tasks. in essence, the united nations as an organization contains both pros and cons in its performance and functions. its strengths emphasizes its utmost importance in the international arena in terms of it neutral stance and mediator efforts however this is questionable when and examination of its weaknesses is undertaken.

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