"The question whether the judges are invested with exclusive authority to decide on the constitutionality of a law has been...a subject of consideration with me in the exercise of official duties. Certainly there is not a word in the Constitution which has given that power to them more than to the Executive or Legislative branches." — Thomas Jefferson, 1815

Which of the following was Jefferson challenging in the above statement?
the authority of military courts to overrule precedents
the authority of legislators to raise taxes
the right to convict without a trial
the doctrine of judicial review