How could slaves become free under Abbasid rule

Under the Abbasids, enslaved people could gain their freedom if:

Enslaved people under Islam have certain rights and if the master does not grant these rights, the enslaved person can sue for their freedom.

Some enslaved people were also allowed to buy their freedom from their masters after some time and some were freed when their masters died.

Muslims were allowed to sleep with female enslaved people and if they gave birth, this female slave enslaved person would have to be freed.

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The Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic world, oversaw the golden age of

Islamic culture. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it

one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it

was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant

neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West,

allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these cultures.

Explanation:

The Abbasid Dynasty overthrew the preceding Umayyad Dynasty, which was

based in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads had become increasingly unpopular,

especially in the eastern territories of the caliphate. The Umayyads favored Syrian

Arabs over other Muslims and treated mawali, newly converted Muslims, as second- class citizens. The most numerous group of mawali were the Persians, who lived side- by-side with Arabs in the east who were angry at the favor shown to Syrian Arabs.

Together, they were ripe for rebellion. Other Muslims were angry with the Umayyads

for turning the caliphate into a hereditary dynasty. Some believed that a single family

should not hold power, while Shiites believed that true authority belonged to the family

of the Prophet Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali, and the Umayyads were not part

of Muhammad’s family.

All these various groups who were angry with the Umayyads united under the

Abbasids, who began a rebellion against the Umayyads in Persia. The Abbasids built a

coalition of Persian mawali, Eastern Arabs, and Shiites. The Abbasids were able to

gain Shiite support because they claimed descent from Muhammad through

Muhammad’s uncle Abbas. Their descent from Muhammad was not through Ali, as

Shiites would have preferred, but Shiites still considered the Abbasids better than the

Umayyads. A Persian general, Abu Muslim, who supported Abbasid claims to power, led the

Abbasid armies. His victories allowed the Abbasid leader Abul `Abbas al-Saffah to

enter the Shiite-dominated city of Kufa in 748 and declare himself caliph. In 750, the

army of Abu Muslim and al-Saffah faced the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II at the Battle of

the Zab near the Tigris River. Marwan II was defeated, fled, and was killed. As-Saffah

captured Damascus and slaughtered the remaining members of the Umayyad family

(except for one, Abd al-Rahman, who escaped to Spain and continued the Umayyad

Dynasty there). The Abbasids were the new rulers of the caliphate.

The Early Abbasids

The Abbasids had led a revolution against the unpopular policies of the

Umayyads, but those who expected major change were disappointed. Under the

second Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775), it became clear that much of the

Umayyad past would be continued. The Abbasids maintained the hereditary control of

the caliphate, forming a new dynasty.

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