Jurisdiction gives federal courts the authority

To hear certain kinds of cases, is the right answer.

Explanation:

Article III of the Constitution of the United States prepares the grounds for the practice of the federal court. The federal judiciary in the United States is run by nine judges, who are appointed for a life-time by the President of the United States. The Senate confirms the appointment of the nine judges and some of the lower courts. Jurisdiction gives federal courts the authority to hear certain kinds of cases.

by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts