What does challenging authority mean?

Fighting back to cops or other forms of authority

Explanation:

An employee who challenges your authority disrupts the workforce and negatively impacts the morale within a department or division by distracting other workers from the task at hand. ... Small business owners must recognize challenges to their authority and act quickly to prevent the behavior from reoccurring.

Explanation:

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.

during world war ii