What did not help with the development of success with European trade routes

I think its D goverment if its wrong im sorry but its the only one that seems like it makes since

Explanation:

the church governed the society after the empire fell.   constantine took charge of rome and ended the confusion which had over religion and made christianity as the only religion and that started ruling the roman empire. he also divided the empire into two and fortified the eastern part.   he ruled the eastern part.

the safahids used force when persuasion to convert from being a sunni muslim to embrace shi'ism was not effective. they also persecute shi'ites who have different views from their imposed teachings.