How did late 19th-century public schools
change?

19th century public schools shifted from a system in which the focus was on rote memorization and punishment into a system in which the focus was on individual development, interpretation, and creative development.

Explanation:

the answer is b.2008 and 2012 were presidential election years.

while it was true that the cotton gin reduced the labor of removing seeds, it did not reduce the need for slaves to grow and pick the cotton.

explanation:

before eli whitney's invention of the cotton gin, picking and cleaning cotton was a slow, labor-intensive job. workers, usually slaves, had to pick the seeds from the cotton fibers by hand. this invention made it possible to grow large amounts of cotton on big farms and make money.