Which social classes in France were required to pay taxes?

Correct answer is third class, the so-called bourgeois.

Explanation:

There were three classes in France, as they called them Estates General.

First two classes - clergy and nobles had all privileges, while the third class which made around 97 percent of people in France had to pay all the taxes in the country. That is why they started opposing the other two classes.

by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy

its many islands, high mountains, and remote peninsulas isolated population centers.