The emperor kangxi was generally
opposed to arts and scholarship.
tolerant of christian missionaries.
lazy and unskilled.
unable to calm unrest along the frontiers.

2. the first europeans to make contact with the ming dynasty were the
portuguese.
spanish.
english.
french.

3. zheng he's expeditions were cut short because
the chinese did not have the technology for long sea voyages.
the emperor was not interested in the objects brought back by the voyages.
confucian traditionalists said the trading voyages were not worthwhile.
the ships were at

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.