Which term is used to describe the period prior to the beginning of the american civil war in 1861?

What was martin luther king, jr., referencing in the passage that brought him to lead a protest in birmingham?

30 in 1566 the i belonged to spain. ii rebelled against spanish rule. iii was in independent country. iv was made up of both catholic and protestant provinces.

Why had conditions in france deteriorated in 1778 and 1789