which statement best describes the territory of Islamic caliphate in years of following Muhammad's death in 632 CE

Soon after the prophet Muhammad's death, there were military expeditions called "futuhat" or "openings" in Egypt and other parts of North Africa. In other parts of the world, Islam spread through trade and commerce.

the real answer is b

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]