Why was Carnegie Steel able to offer its product at a lower price than its competitors?

Carnegie introduced the Bessemer process, which decreased the cost of production. ... Carnegie could cut his costs because he owned the supply of raw materials and the means of production and distribution.

both include an amendment process.

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.