The United States is becoming a society. At the turn of the century, Jim Crow laws were common. Government offices, , businesses, cars and, in fact, most places were by race at the end of the . Because the Amendment guaranteed all citizens the right to , white southerners used indirect means to stop from voting.

"but let us admit texas, and we shall place the balance of power in the hands of the texans themselves. they, with the southern states, will control the policy and the destiny of this nation; our tariff will then be held at the will of the texan advocates of free trade. are our friends of the north prepared to deliver over this great national policy to the people of texas? " - rep. joshua giddings, ohio, may 21, 1844 this quote points to what major issue in the years leading up to the civil war?