areas, leadership, and/or governments all around the world who lead their people with an iron fist and instill fear on everyone within the country.

David Hume taught that all government rests on public opinion, but that opinion, of its sword with the power of its priesthood, forging an iron union of throne and altar. Thus, the warrior element of government puts the people in fear for their lives, having been warned in the 1970s about catastrophic global cooling. This answer is thanks to Bella000

d) a constitutional amendment

the fact that could also be added to column b is that during world war ii, specifically between the years 1941 and 1945, japan expanded its territory towards the indonesian territory in what was known later as part of the "pacific war". in that time, japan could conquer the philipines, singapore,   borneo, central java, malang, cebu, sumatra and various other islands of the area, therefore expanding its territory for a brief period of time.