“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none.” -- James Monroe, 1823 In his annual message to Congress in 1823, President James Monroe outlined the American foreign policy known as the Monroe Doctrine. Which of the following statements about that policy is INCORRECT?

A. The Western Hemisphere is now closed to any further European colonization.
B. The United States would not interfere in internal European affairs.
C. It promised that the United States would not interfere in the affairs of other Western hemispheric nations
D. It declared that the United States would seek friendly relations with all of Europe’s governments

One thing seems to be universally conceded, that the greater part of our mercantile citizens are in a state of bankruptcy—that those of them who have the largest possessions of real and personal estate... find it almost impossible to raise sufficient funds to supply themselves with the necessaries of life—that the citizens of every class are uniformly delinquent in discharging even the most trifling of debts. – William Greene, 1820
Which of the following statements about the Panic of 1819 is FALSE?

A. many debtors demanded “stay laws” to prevent foreclosure on debts and many manufacturers called for high protective tariffs
B. the Panic caused the Republican party to increasingly split into factions
C. many states eased restrictions on voting and officeholding
D. the Panic led the federal government, for the first time, to institute public works projects to put the jobless to work

The correct answer is C. It is not correct that the Monroe Doctrine promised that the United States would not interfere in the affairs of other Western hemispheric nations.

Explanation:

The Monroe Doctrine, created in 1823 by John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State to President Monroe, established that the United States would consider any European intervention on the American continent as hostile, such that an attack on an American nation or territory would be considered an attack on the United States. In this way, the United States created a doctrine of foreign policy that protected the Western Hemisphere as a party reserved exclusively for the political and strategic influence of the United States. In return, the United States undertook to respect and not intervene in European conflicts, as well as to respect the colonies already existing on the American continent.

in february 1787, congress decided that a convention should be convened to revise the articles of confederation, the nation’s first constitution. in may, 55 delegates came to philadelphia, and the constitutional convention began. debates erupted over representation in congress, over slavery, and over the new executive branch. the debates continued through four hot and muggy months. but eventually the delegates reached compromises, and on september 17, they produced the u.s. constitution, replacing the articles with the governing document that has functioned effectively for more than 200 years.

atman means 'eternal self'. the atman refers to the real self beyond ego or false self. it is often referred to as 'spirit' or 'soul' and indicates our true self or essence which underlies our existence.

there are many interesting perspectives on the self in hinduism ranging from the self as eternal servant of god to the self as being identified with god. the understanding of the self as eternal supports the idea of reincarnation in that the same eternal being can inhabit temporary bodies.

the idea of atman entails the idea of the self as a spiritual rather than material being and thus there is a strong dimension of hinduism which emphasises detachment from the material world and promotes practices such as asceticism. thus it could be said that in this world, a spiritual being, the atman, has a human experience rather than a human being having a spiritual experience.

explanation: