1. What led to urbanization in America during the late nineteenth century?

The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities.

Explanation:

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- "a new era of american politics began with jackson's election in 1828, but it also completed a grand social experiment begun by the american revolution. nevertheless, jacksonian democracy represented a provocative blending of the best and worst qualities of american society."

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b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.