An affect of transportation improvements on settlements was that

The development in transportation help the settlers reach the place that cannot be reached. It also make the people became more willing to live in a pretty far distance for their workplace, which increase the number of settlements even in places that have lesser amount of job opportunities.

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the triple alliance. germany and austria-hungary were already allies by 1879 when, worried about a threat from russia, they formed the dual alliance. italy joined the group in 1882. there was a concern about a possible attack from france and the alliance needed powerful friends to defend it.