Sal Castro set out to instill pride and challenge the dire statistics of the schools. What did he use to do this? According to Moctesuma Esparza, what term did students adopt to reference their identity? What is the history of the term?

1) To instil pride and challenge the dire statistics of the schools, Sal Castra, a social studies teacher, helped students to organize "school walkouts."

2) According to Moctesuma Esparza, students adopted the term "Chicano" to reference their identity.

3) The history of the term "Chicano" was a derisive description of Latino's by Anglo Americans.  Then, Mexican Americans decided to adopt it to describe themselves, especially during the 1960s and 1970s when they staged protests to demand equal treatments.  The term has since then become a sign of pride in a shared identity.

Explanation:

a) Chicano or Chicana is a chosen identity of some Mexican Americans in the United States.  It was widely used during the Chicano Movement of the 1960s by many Mexican Americans "to express a political stance founded on pride in a shared cultural, ethnic, and community identity."  It is derived from the word "Mechicano," which was the way that original people from Mexico described themselves.

b) According to wikipedia.com, Sal Castro (October 25, 1933 – April 15, 2013) "was a Mexican-American educator and activist," well-known for his pivotal role in the 1968 East Los Angeles high school walkouts.  These walkouts were a series of protests against unequal conditions in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) schools, especially as Latino students were not allowed to speak Spanish in schools.

c) Moctesuma Esparza (born March 12, 1949) is a Mexican-American and was one of the students who participated in the East Los Angeles high school walkouts in 1968.  He is currently "an award-winning producer, entertainment executive, entrepreneur and community activist."

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