Why were “head logs” used? in the civil war

During the American Civil War the period in which a field work's defenders were exposed to well aimed hostile fire increased as the distance between opposing entrenched lines became compressed.

answer; i believe that the correct answer is (c) arctic tundra;

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.