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PASSAGE 2: Arabia in the time of the first Muslims
Similar to the struggles of early Christians, Muhammad and his first followers also experienced hostile resistance due to the traditions of the Arabian Peninsula. Like the Jews, the Arabs were a nomadic group of herders who organized themselves into a tribal structure to survive the harsh life of the Arabian desert; eventually these tribes settled down and became wealthy due to their location at the crossroads of Asian, European, and African trade. This wealth caused much conflict and fighting, and the tribes developed separate structures of leadership and power, despite being loosely allied with one another.
Before the founding of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula was a haven to polytheism. Even though most Arabs worshiped a supreme God named Allah, they also worshipped many smaller, tribal gods. At the heart of this religious system was the city of Mecca, home to the black meteorite stone that was worshipped as a sign of Allah. When Muhammad began preaching monotheism in Mecca, many people saw it not only as a threat to their religious traditions, but their income as well. Those in charge of the trade routes persecuted Muhammad and his followers, attempting to hold onto their power at the expense of the poor and unfortunate. Eventually, Muhammad left Mecca for the city of Medina.
In Medina, Muhammad finally began to win support from the people, as well as the tribes still living in the Arabian desert. Muhammad became not just a religious leader, but a political one as well, drawing all his followers into a giant community that he called the ummah. Muhammad told the ummah that they could no longer conduct tribal raids against other tribes, as they would be attacking Muslims for un-Islamic reasons.
Now possessing the strength to defend himself, Muhammad marched to Mecca and conquered the city in battle. Believing the victory was a sign from God, the Meccans converted to Islam, and appointed Muhammad their supreme leader, or caliph. Unfortunately, Muhammad would die two years later, just as his teachings were beginning to spread beyond the Peninsula.

5. Topic of passage 1?

6. Main idea of passage 1? (M. I.-->Topic + author’s voice/purpose)

7. Give 4 supporting details for the main idea