Which of the following was not a characteristic of early 19th century penitentiary system in America?
a. A focus on rehabilitation
b. Rules designed to maintain total control of prisoners
c. An emphasis on discipline
d. The imposition of silence

d. The imposition of silence

Explanation:

The American penitentiary is also referred to as the Prison or correctional facility. It is a place where criminals are kept temporarily before conviction or to serve their jail time.

The American penitentiary had focus on rehabilitation programs for the occupants. There were also rules designed to maintain total control of prisoners and an emphasis on discipline. The prison however lacked the imposition of silence.

after the roman empire, the catholic church began to unify by taking on many duties of a government.

it was the shinto. the answer is c.