The early United States population was predominantly Protestant. In the nineteenth century, urban populations became increasingly Roman Catholic, especially in the cities of the Northeastern United States. This shift in the pattern of religion was caused by:

Transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy.

Explanation:

the pogroms became known as kristallnacht, the "night of shattered glass," for the shattered glass from the store windows that littered the streets. the morning after the pogroms 30,000 german jewish men were arrested for the "crime" of being jewish and sent to concentration camps, where hundreds of them perished.