How did the experiences of China, the Ottoman Empire, Japan, and Latin America, all of which retained their independence for most or all of the nineteenth century despite much European pressure, differ from those of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Pacific Oceania, which fell under formal colonial rule

The experiences of countries or nation (Japan, China, etc) who had retained their independence did not fall under the colonial rule as against other nations like Africa, India, Pacific ocean in the following ways like,

The fall of a central government, European racial superiority.

Explanation:

The Experiences of china, the Ottoman Empire, Japan and Latin America throughout the  19th century had retained their Independence, they differed from those of Africa, India and others who had feel under the colonial rule through the following reasons.

the fact that could also be added to column b is that during world war ii, specifically between the years 1941 and 1945, japan expanded its territory towards the indonesian territory in what was known later as part of the "pacific war". in that time, japan could conquer the philipines, singapore,   borneo, central java, malang, cebu, sumatra and various other islands of the area, therefore expanding its territory for a brief period of time.