the second industrial revolution and urbanization the principal force driving america’s move into cities was the second industrial revolution. in the united states the industrial revolution came in two waves. the first saw the rise of factories and mechanized production in the late 1700s and early 1800s and included steam-powered spinning and weaving machines, the cotton gin, steamboats, locomotives, and the telegraph. the second industrial revolution took off following the civil war with the introduction of interchangeable parts, assembly-line production, and new technologies, including the telephone, automobile, electrification of homes and businesses, and more. the businesses and factories behind the industrial revolution were located in the nation’s towns and cities. eleven million americans migrated from the countryside to cities in the fifty years between 1870 and 1920.
the second industrial revolution also changed the physical composition of cities. the invention in the 1850s of the otis elevator and bessemer steelmaking process (an inexpensive process for the mass production of steel) created the material means for the rise of tall city buildings, some so tall they were said to scrape the sky—skyscrapers. the advent of trolleys and subways also allowed city dwellers to move about with ease on public transportation, encouraging developers to build new suburbs, allowing people to live outside the city center and commute to work. late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century american cities were energetic centers of culture and community, rich with ethnic enclaves such as “little italy,” places in which people of different backgrounds and worldviews lived and worked in close proximity. with museums and public libraries, colleges and universities, churches and synagogues, clubs and organizations, saloons and dance halls, shops and street life, cities were vibrant and diverse places. but america’s cities could also be geographically concentrated areas of poverty, disease, and violence. new york city in the gilded age the diversity of the nation’s cities was nowhere more on display than in the nation’s largest city, new york. at the turn of the twentieth century, new york city was the national capital of finance, industry, shipping and trade, publishing, the arts, and immigration, a magnet that drew to it much of the best and most avant-garde in art and literature. with a population of more than three million in 1900 and 4.7 million by 1910, new york was more than twice as populous than chicago, the nation's second-ranked city, three times as large as third-ranked philadelphia, and six to nine times as large as st. louis, boston, baltimore, and cleveland, all urban centers of immigrants
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Also , during the civil war The Union (North) favored industrialism while The Confederacy (South) opted for farming.
