Describe the effect of each action below will have on the money supply. Explain your reasoning

A. The fed raises the discount rate from 5% to 10%
B. The required reserve ratio is lowered from 20% to 10%
C. The fed sells $5 billion worth of T-bonds on the open market
D. The fed buys $5 billion worth of T-bonds on the open market
E. Banks decide to keep more of their assets as reserves in order to avoid risking a shortage of the required reserve