A produção, a distribuição e o consumo (objeto de estudo das ciências econômicas), como vimos, sempre esteve presente na vida dos seres humanos em suas necessidades de se alimentar, vestir e de morar. Entretanto, somente a partir de um certo momento histórico, a reprodução material da vida torna-se racional, é abstraída da realidade e, através de um método (científico) faz previsões do comportamento das variáveis econômicas (preços, salários, lucros e juros)

1 – Fazer uma diferenciação das fases pré-científica (economia dependente da cultura, como descrito na bíblia, nos antigos: hindus, hebreus, gregos judeus e China) comparado a fase científica: aparecimento do capitalismo (mercado no sistema capitalista).

Differentiation between pre-scientific phases compared to the scientific phase is described below.

Explanation:

Phase 1: The pre-paradigmatic state refers to a period before a scientific. consensus has been reached. In modern science we have well.

Scientific phase -a phase is a physically distinctive form of matter, such as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. A phase of matter is characterized by having relatively uniform chemical and physical properties. Phases are different from states of matter.

Prescientific Phase. : of, relating to, or having the characteristics of a period before the rise of modern science or a state prior to the application of the scientific method.

Scientific Phase is the Changes of Phase

But, matter on Earth exists mostly in three distinct phases: gas, liquid and solid. A phase is a distinctive form of a substance, and matter can change among the phases. It may take extreme temperature, pressure or energy, but all matter can be changed.

The language of a prescientific orientation is designed  to control behavior  by virtue of the vested authority it  represents. If it is not clear, a properly appointed  authority will interpret it, and his interpretation is to be  believed. The validity of authoritarian pronouncements  is not to be questioned. Statements of assumption and statements of fact tend to be regarded as the  same.

The language of a scientific orientation is designed to  be factually meaningful, directly or indirectly, and  clear and valid. It is intended to satisfy two important  tests: "What do you mean?" and "How do you know?"

Moreover, assumptions are sharply differentiated  from statements of fact

answer; taking up arms to defend the nation;

no because we were not ready for war