All of the following were coerced labor systems utilized by great britain after the 1830s EXCEPT
A. African slavery
B. Chinese contract laborers
C. Indian indentured servitude
D. Australian penal colonies

A. African slavery

Explanation:

Although we know that slavery was an important part of British Empire it was not a part of their system after 1830s. To be precise in 1833, British Empire prohibited slave trade inside their domain. This was in important change, that rearranged the position of the whole Empire.

"the attempts of the proletariat to rise above this abasement"

the correct answer is: (1) affected by gerrymandering; (2) not affected by gerrymandering.

gerrymandering is known as a practice that intends to establish a some kind of political advantage for a particular party or group. to do this district boundaries are manipulated. the new resulting district is named a gerrymandering.

in other words, what gerrymandering does is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts trying to benefit the party who is doing it. sometimes, the party controlling the legislature will redraw it so they can maximize the number of districts they are likely to control.