Which gunpowder empire would be the easiest and most difficult to defend. why?

answer:

the period of the gunpowder empires also known as the era of the islamic gunpowders refers to the epoch of the ottoman, safavid and mughal empires from the 16th century to the 18th century. the three empires were among the strongest and most stable economies of the early modern period, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture, while their political and legal institutions were consolidated with an increasing degree of centralisation. they underwent a significant increase in per capita income and population and a sustained pace of technological innovation. the empires were centralised from the eastern europe and north africa in the west to between today's modern bangladesh and myanmar in the east. they were islamic and had considerable military and economic success. vast amount of territories were conquered by the islamic gunpowder empires with the use and development of the newly invented firearms, especially cannon and small arms, in the course of imperial construction. unlike in europe, the introduction of gunpowder weapons prompted changes well beyond military organization. the mughals, based in the indian subcontinent, are recognised for their lavish architecture and for having heralded an era of proto-industrialization,while the safavids created an efficient and modern state administration for iran and sponsored major developments in the fine arts, and the sultan of the constantinople-based ottoman caliphate, also known as the caesar of rome, was the custodian of the two holy mosques, and thus head of the islamic world. their powers, wealth, architecture, and various contributions significantly influenced the course of asian history.   have a great day!                                                      

1920 census

2010 census