Edward tolman explained the results of his study by theorizing that the rats were learning about the maze during every trial but they

a. were agitated because other groups were getting reinforcement.
b. could not remember how to demonstrate it without reinforcement.
c. were not motivated to demonstrate it without reinforcement.
d. seemed to be too lazy to actually work without reinforcement.

The correct answer is letter B.

Tolman presents a theory of the learning process supported by the concept of cognitive maps, i. e. stimulus-stimulus relationships, or S-S, formed in the brains of organisms. These S-S relationships would generate expectations in the body, causing it to adopt different and more or less predictable behaviors for different sets of stimuli. These maps would be constructed through the organism's relationship with the environment when it observes the relationship between various stimuli. The internal processes that allow the creation of a mind map between stimuli and others are usually called gestalt signals.

answer; andrew jackson approved nullification by signing it into law,and john calhoun opposed it saying it was unconstitutional;