Which term accurately describes how rulers in europe viewed the expansion of islam?

They saw the spread of Islam as a threat to Western lifestyles and European customs and to European commerce and economy.

Explanation:

Islamic expansion, also called Islamic conquests or Arab conquests, began shortly after the death of the prophet Muhammad. He had established a new unified political organization on the Arabian Peninsula, which, under the subsequent rule of the Caliphate Caliphs of the Orthodox and Omiad, experienced a rapid expansion of Arab power far beyond the peninsula.

Islam has expanded in all directions. Within a few decades, it occupied an area of land only comparable to the Roman Empire in its heyday. It would soon take on the role of commercial liaison between economically important areas of the world: Europe, Africa and Asia. The military progress achieved by the Muslims allowed them to isolate Europe, blocking trade especially through control of the Mediterranean Sea.

For this reason, European nations began to see the spread of Islam as a threat to Western customs, European culture, and the region's economy and trade.

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confederacy: supported slavery, believed states should be able to nullify federal laws, supported low tariffs

union: everything else