How was power centralized in the inca empire, japan, and ottoman empire?

the answer is: as a  monarchy.

Explanation:

Inca Empire-- the Sapa ( emperor)  Inca exercising the ultimate government authority. His powers were not limited by law. the royal council helped him rule and was made up mostly of royalty or close family members, high priests and generals.

Japan Empire-- Imperial Japan; constitutional policy with the emperor as reigning monarch; industrialization, urbanization, and an increasingly mobile society.

Ottoman Empire--a complex organization of government with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants.

Parliamentary monarchy was re-established in the Ottoman Empire on July, 23rd 1908.

the american revolution was by the middle and upper class, and the french was by the lower and middle class.

1920 census

2010 census