Why did chinese officials consider european traders to be smugglers?

a. chinese officials were wary of all foreigners.

b. european traders brought forbidden items into china.

c. european traders entered china without permission.

d. european traders refused to pay tribute.

D. European traders refused to pay tribute.

Explanation:

China in the 16th and 17th centuries was a political and economic power in the East. Under the Qing Dynasty, the country witnessed an increase in it's influence on Asia. In the 16th century, Europe began to trade in Chinese harbors, but at that time, the Qing Dynasty was worried about foreign influence (it's neighbor Japan would suffer the issue years later). Then, they agreed to trade with European countries, but under the condition that they had to obey China's laws. One of these laws were about the tribute, and the European powers didn't accept these tax. According to them, it was an unfair practice.

the articles of confederation only set up the continental congress at the federal level. there were no executive or judicial branches except within the states. the states were allowed to keep every right that was not specifically given to congress. the bonding of the states was through a 'firm league of friendship' that best served as a defense agreement against invasion. states were not allowed to use taxes as a way to discourage treaties, and states were extremely limited in their dealings with foreign nations.

not many historians today talk about the strengths of the articles of confederation, likely because of how unpopular the document quickly became. the articles did set the legislative body, congress, as the highest power in the nation because of the fear of monarchy. congress had the sole power to declare war, assign treaties, entertain foreign relations, and operate post offices. disputes between states and territorial issues were to be brought to congress. the document also stipulated that canada was allowed to enter the union if they desired.

there were more weaknesses than strengths under the articles of confederation. the lack of power given to the continental congress strangled the federal government. the articles gave congress the power to pass laws but no power to enforce those laws. if a state did not support a federal law, that state could simply ignore it. congress had no power to levy taxes or regulate trade. without a federal court system or executive leader, there would be no way to enforce these laws, either. amending the articles of confederation would also require a unanimous decision, which would be extremely difficult.

because they can and they wanted to.