In china, food shortages, corruption in government, and high rates of opium addiction led to

the opium wars.
the taiping rebellion.
the boxer rebellion.
the open door policy.

In China, food shortages, corruption in government, and high rates of opium addiction led to  the Taiping Rebellion.

Explanation:

The Taiping Rebellion was a major uprising that took place in the south, then the center of China, between 1851 and 1864; this revolt, which the Qing dynasty took nearly fifteen years to defeat, takes its name from the kingdom that the rebels had founded in southern China and central China, Taiping Tian Guo, or "Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Peace".

The founder of the movement, Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864), who had read religious pamphlets given by missionaries, called himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ. He promulgated an agrarian reform after the capture of Nanjing in 1853, in which he instituted deep social reforms such as the abandonment of polygamy; gender equality, however accompanied by a strict separation between men and women; the abandonment of the old custom of bandaging women's feet; the prohibition of arranged marriages, gambling, slavery, torture, and prostitution; private land ownership was abolished; food, clothing and other everyday consumer goods were pooled in public warehouses, and distributed to the population as necessary by military leaders; opium, tobacco and alcohol were also then banned.

Between 30 and 50 million people are estimated to have died as a direct result of the conflict. By the way, between 1850 and 1873, China's population was reduced by more than 60 million as a result of rebellions, wars, drought and famine.

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"the land of the dead"

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