1) Inflation - is the rising of prices in an economy, motivated by many aspects. We can separate these aspects based on the theory of supply and demand. This means that, to a price rise, is necessary that a product or market must be requested many times, forcing the economy to be adapted to the demand.
Witchcraft - is the practice of magical skills. Despite being part of many cultural contexts, and being used by people since the early days of humankind, witchcraft began to be hostilized in the West and saw as demonic practices, especially after the rising of Christianity in the 3rd Century AD.
Divine Right of the Kings - according to this doctrine, a King is not subject to earthly authorities or laws, because his powers come directly by God. This theory supported Absolutism in many European countries, especially in France, England, Spain, and Portugal.
Commonwealth - this term refers to a body politic created in the 17th century and defined by many philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke as the search for the welfare state.
2)
James I - was the King from Scotland and Ireland as Jaime VI. In 1604, he assumes the English throne because of the death of Elizabeth I. She had no offspring and the government should be ruled by the nearest relative. The period of James I as King was turbulent due to his Catholic beliefs.
Puritans - is the term used to define the English protestants.
Charles I - he was the second son of James I. He assumed the throne after his father's death. His absolutist's practices and the constant conflict between the Parlament and the king's desire led to his resignation and death in 1649.
Cavaliers and Roundheads - this term is referred to the groups who opposed themselves during the English Civil War (1642 - 1651). The Cavaliers were supporting King Charles I and his laws and tax increase. The Roundheads represented the Parlament and were led by Oliver Cromwell.
NOTE - the English Civil War was motivated by King Charles I truculence, and his opposition to the Parlament.
Oliver Cromwell - was the Roundheads' leader during the English Civil War. Cromwell was adept at the meritocracy concept which means that your victories should be valued according to the efforts you made to accomplish them. His war against Charles I led him to assume the government in 1653.
James II - was the second son of Charles I and King of England from 1685 to 1688.
3) The Holy Roman Empire was a politic association between kingdoms. And Bohemia was a kingdom that represents the modern Czech Republic.
4) The reasons are not clear, considering that the Parlament would not accept a Dictator. But when we analyze Cromwell's actions and the ideas he was following, we can conclude that his attempt to rule England was based on the idea that the country should be protected. He drove the Parlament to accept, not a Dictator, but a Lord Protector.
5) Practically the entire Europe, except England.
6) France, but only because the other countries had suffered too much, and the Habsburg empire couldn't hold on much longer. I believe that each country in Europe was victorious in any way. The Peace of Westfalia stated the freedom of faith, which means that each country or Kingdom would be free to choose their beliefs.
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