Robert mcnamara's change in policy regarding the war was influenced by a defense study that found that

the vietcong was developing nuclear weapons
the u. s. bombing of north vietnam had been ineffective
north vietnam's determination to fight the war was eroding
south vietnam was strong enough to survive without u. s. support

The correct answer is B) the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam had been ineffective.

Robert McNamara´s change in policy regarding the war was influenced by a defense study that found that the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam had been ineffective.

Robert S. McNamara (1916-2009) was the Secretary of Defense during the U.S.-Vietnam War. During his tenure, McNamara thought that the U.S. Army had to be prepared to fight the war in any conditions, so he reorganized the United States defense program.  

In 1967 he ordered a study of the role of the U.S. in Vietnam. The document was known as  “The Pentagon Papers.” Disillutioned by the war results, he resigned in 1968.

in 476 c.e. romulus, the last of the roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the germanic leader odoacer, who became the first barbarian to rule in rome. the order that the roman empire had brought to western europe for 1000 years was no more.

c.) biotic: snails; abiotic: temperature climate