Which is not an exampe of informal amendment to the us constitution.
a. the president sends military forces abroad without congress declaring war
b. congress creates a system of committees and committee chairs
c. the supreme court declared segregation constitution in 1896 and then in 1954 says it's unconstitutional
d. in the late twentieth century states ratifying an amendment first circulated by james madison in 1789

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

the government paid religious orders to provide basic education to native american children on reservations. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the bureau of indian affairs (bia) founded additional boarding schools based on the assimilation model of the off-reservation carlisle indian industrial school.

d. dr. francis collins

this statement is   true